Advanced Generics: Overloads, Inference Tricks, and Variance

30‑second interview answer

Advanced generics are about designing APIs that are safe and ergonomic. You often combine generics with overloads for better call signatures, use inference (infer) to keep usage simple, and understand variance enough to avoid unsafe function typing. In interviews, focus on practical patterns (typed helpers, API clients, hooks).

Overloads (common interview topic)

Overloads let you provide multiple call signatures:

function pick(obj: { a: string }, key: 'a'): string;
function pick(obj: any, key: string) {
  return obj[key];
}
 
pick({ a: 'x' }, 'a'); // string

When overloads help

• functions with different input shapes
• APIs that return different types based on args

Designing for inference

Bad API (forces manual generics):

function wrap<T>(value: T): { value: T } { return { value }; }

This is actually fine because inference works.

But inference fails when generics are not connected to parameters.

Rule:

“Make sure T appears in a function parameter so TS can infer it.”

Variance (keep it interview-safe)

Variance describes how types behave when substituted.

In practice:

• function parameter types are contravariant-ish
• return types are covariant

Interview-safe line:

“I avoid forcing complex variance rules; I rely on compiler errors and keep APIs simple.”

Practical patterns

Typed event emitter

type EventMap = { ready: void; error: Error };
 
function on<K extends keyof EventMap>(event: K, cb: (payload: EventMap[K]) => void) {
  // ...
}
 
on('error', (e) => e.message);

Generic function with constraint

function getProp<T extends object, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
  return obj[key];
}

Mini Q&A

Q1: When do you use overloads?

• when the return type depends on input shape.

Q2: How do you make inference work?

• connect generics to function parameters.

Q3: What’s variance in one line?

• how subtyping works through generics and function types.

Summary checklist

• I can explain overloads with an example.
• I know how to design for inference.
• I can write safe K extends keyof T helpers.